<%Response.Buffer=true%>
<%
'--------------------------------------------------------------------
' Microsoft ADO
'
' Copyright (c) 1996-1998 Microsoft Corporation.
'
'
'
' ADO constants include file for VBScript
'
'--------------------------------------------------------------------

'---- CursorTypeEnum Values ----
Const adOpenForwardOnly = 0
Const adOpenKeyset = 1
Const adOpenDynamic = 2
Const adOpenStatic = 3

'---- CursorOptionEnum Values ----
Const adHoldRecords = &H00000100
Const adMovePrevious = &H00000200
Const adAddNew = &H01000400
Const adDelete = &H01000800
Const adUpdate = &H01008000
Const adBookmark = &H00002000
Const adApproxPosition = &H00004000
Const adUpdateBatch = &H00010000
Const adResync = &H00020000
Const adNotify = &H00040000
Const adFind = &H00080000
Const adSeek = &H00400000
Const adIndex = &H00800000

'---- LockTypeEnum Values ----
Const adLockReadOnly = 1
Const adLockPessimistic = 2
Const adLockOptimistic = 3
Const adLockBatchOptimistic = 4

'---- ExecuteOptionEnum Values ----
Const adAsyncExecute = &H00000010
Const adAsyncFetch = &H00000020
Const adAsyncFetchNonBlocking = &H00000040
Const adExecuteNoRecords = &H00000080
Const adExecuteStream = &H00000400

'---- ConnectOptionEnum Values ----
Const adAsyncConnect = &H00000010

'---- ObjectStateEnum Values ----
Const adStateClosed = &H00000000
Const adStateOpen = &H00000001
Const adStateConnecting = &H00000002
Const adStateExecuting = &H00000004
Const adStateFetching = &H00000008

'---- CursorLocationEnum Values ----
Const adUseServer = 2
Const adUseClient = 3

'---- DataTypeEnum Values ----
Const adEmpty = 0
Const adTinyInt = 16
Const adSmallInt = 2
Const adInteger = 3
Const adBigInt = 20
Const adUnsignedTinyInt = 17
Const adUnsignedSmallInt = 18
Const adUnsignedInt = 19
Const adUnsignedBigInt = 21
Const adSingle = 4
Const adDouble = 5
Const adCurrency = 6
Const adDecimal = 14
Const adNumeric = 131
Const adBoolean = 11
Const adError = 10
Const adUserDefined = 132
Const adVariant = 12
Const adIDispatch = 9
Const adIUnknown = 13
Const adGUID = 72
Const adDate = 7
Const adDBDate = 133
Const adDBTime = 134
Const adDBTimeStamp = 135
Const adBSTR = 8
Const adChar = 129
Const adVarChar = 200
Const adLongVarChar = 201
Const adWChar = 130
Const adVarWChar = 202
Const adLongVarWChar = 203
Const adBinary = 128
Const adVarBinary = 204
Const adLongVarBinary = 205
Const adChapter = 136
Const adFileTime = 64
Const adPropVariant = 138
Const adVarNumeric = 139
Const adArray = &H2000

'---- FieldAttributeEnum Values ----
Const adFldMayDefer = &H00000002
Const adFldUpdatable = &H00000004
Const adFldUnknownUpdatable = &H00000008
Const adFldFixed = &H00000010
Const adFldIsNullable = &H00000020
Const adFldMayBeNull = &H00000040
Const adFldLong = &H00000080
Const adFldRowID = &H00000100
Const adFldRowVersion = &H00000200
Const adFldCacheDeferred = &H00001000
Const adFldIsChapter = &H00002000
Const adFldNegativeScale = &H00004000
Const adFldKeyColumn = &H00008000
Const adFldIsRowURL = &H00010000
Const adFldIsDefaultStream = &H00020000
Const adFldIsCollection = &H00040000

'---- EditModeEnum Values ----
Const adEditNone = &H0000
Const adEditInProgress = &H0001
Const adEditAdd = &H0002
Const adEditDelete = &H0004

'---- RecordStatusEnum Values ----
Const adRecOK = &H0000000
Const adRecNew = &H0000001
Const adRecModified = &H0000002
Const adRecDeleted = &H0000004
Const adRecUnmodified = &H0000008
Const adRecInvalid = &H0000010
Const adRecMultipleChanges = &H0000040
Const adRecPendingChanges = &H0000080
Const adRecCanceled = &H0000100
Const adRecCantRelease = &H0000400
Const adRecConcurrencyViolation = &H0000800
Const adRecIntegrityViolation = &H0001000
Const adRecMaxChangesExceeded = &H0002000
Const adRecObjectOpen = &H0004000
Const adRecOutOfMemory = &H0008000
Const adRecPermissionDenied = &H0010000
Const adRecSchemaViolation = &H0020000
Const adRecDBDeleted = &H0040000

'---- GetRowsOptionEnum Values ----
Const adGetRowsRest = -1

'---- PositionEnum Values ----
Const adPosUnknown = -1
Const adPosBOF = -2
Const adPosEOF = -3

'---- BookmarkEnum Values ----
Const adBookmarkCurrent = 0
Const adBookmarkFirst = 1
Const adBookmarkLast = 2

'---- MarshalOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adMarshalAll = 0
Const adMarshalModifiedOnly = 1

'---- AffectEnum Values ----
Const adAffectCurrent = 1
Const adAffectGroup = 2
Const adAffectAllChapters = 4

'---- ResyncEnum Values ----
Const adResyncUnderlyingValues = 1
Const adResyncAllValues = 2

'---- CompareEnum Values ----
Const adCompareLessThan = 0
Const adCompareEqual = 1
Const adCompareGreaterThan = 2
Const adCompareNotEqual = 3
Const adCompareNotComparable = 4

'---- FilterGroupEnum Values ----
Const adFilterNone = 0
Const adFilterPendingRecords = 1
Const adFilterAffectedRecords = 2
Const adFilterFetchedRecords = 3
Const adFilterConflictingRecords = 5

'---- SearchDirectionEnum Values ----
Const adSearchForward = 1
Const adSearchBackward = -1

'---- PersistFormatEnum Values ----
Const adPersistADTG = 0
Const adPersistXML = 1

'---- StringFormatEnum Values ----
Const adClipString = 2

'---- ConnectPromptEnum Values ----
Const adPromptAlways = 1
Const adPromptComplete = 2
Const adPromptCompleteRequired = 3
Const adPromptNever = 4

'---- ConnectModeEnum Values ----
Const adModeUnknown = 0
Const adModeRead = 1
Const adModeWrite = 2
Const adModeReadWrite = 3
Const adModeShareDenyRead = 4
Const adModeShareDenyWrite = 8
Const adModeShareExclusive = &Hc
Const adModeShareDenyNone = &H10
Const adModeRecursive = &H400000

'---- RecordCreateOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adCreateCollection = &H00002000
Const adCreateStructDoc = &H80000000
Const adCreateNonCollection = &H00000000
Const adOpenIfExists = &H02000000
Const adCreateOverwrite = &H04000000
Const adFailIfNotExists = -1

'---- RecordOpenOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adOpenRecordUnspecified = -1
Const adOpenOutput = &H00800000
Const adOpenAsync = &H00001000
Const adDelayFetchStream = &H00004000
Const adDelayFetchFields = &H00008000
Const adOpenExecuteCommand = &H00010000

'---- IsolationLevelEnum Values ----
Const adXactUnspecified = &Hffffffff
Const adXactChaos = &H00000010
Const adXactReadUncommitted = &H00000100
Const adXactBrowse = &H00000100
Const adXactCursorStability = &H00001000
Const adXactReadCommitted = &H00001000
Const adXactRepeatableRead = &H00010000
Const adXactSerializable = &H00100000
Const adXactIsolated = &H00100000

'---- XactAttributeEnum Values ----
Const adXactCommitRetaining = &H00020000
Const adXactAbortRetaining = &H00040000

'---- PropertyAttributesEnum Values ----
Const adPropNotSupported = &H0000
Const adPropRequired = &H0001
Const adPropOptional = &H0002
Const adPropRead = &H0200
Const adPropWrite = &H0400

'---- ErrorValueEnum Values ----
Const adErrProviderFailed = &Hbb8
Const adErrInvalidArgument = &Hbb9
Const adErrOpeningFile = &Hbba
Const adErrReadFile = &Hbbb
Const adErrWriteFile = &Hbbc
Const adErrNoCurrentRecord = &Hbcd
Const adErrIllegalOperation = &Hc93
Const adErrCantChangeProvider = &Hc94
Const adErrInTransaction = &Hcae
Const adErrFeatureNotAvailable = &Hcb3
Const adErrItemNotFound = &Hcc1
Const adErrObjectInCollection = &Hd27
Const adErrObjectNotSet = &Hd5c
Const adErrDataConversion = &Hd5d
Const adErrObjectClosed = &He78
Const adErrObjectOpen = &He79
Const adErrProviderNotFound = &He7a
Const adErrBoundToCommand = &He7b
Const adErrInvalidParamInfo = &He7c
Const adErrInvalidConnection = &He7d
Const adErrNotReentrant = &He7e
Const adErrStillExecuting = &He7f
Const adErrOperationCancelled = &He80
Const adErrStillConnecting = &He81
Const adErrInvalidTransaction = &He82
Const adErrUnsafeOperation = &He84
Const adwrnSecurityDialog = &He85
Const adwrnSecurityDialogHeader = &He86
Const adErrIntegrityViolation = &He87
Const adErrPermissionDenied = &He88
Const adErrDataOverflow = &He89
Const adErrSchemaViolation = &He8a
Const adErrSignMismatch = &He8b
Const adErrCantConvertvalue = &He8c
Const adErrCantCreate = &He8d
Const adErrColumnNotOnThisRow = &He8e
Const adErrURLIntegrViolSetColumns = &He8f
Const adErrURLDoesNotExist = &He8f
Const adErrTreePermissionDenied = &He90
Const adErrInvalidURL = &He91
Const adErrResourceLocked = &He92
Const adErrResourceExists = &He93
Const adErrCannotComplete = &He94
Const adErrVolumeNotFound = &He95
Const adErrOutOfSpace = &He96
Const adErrResourceOutOfScope = &He97
Const adErrUnavailable = &He98
Const adErrURLNamedRowDoesNotExist = &He99
Const adErrDelResOutOfScope = &He9a
Const adErrPropInvalidColumn = &He9b
Const adErrPropInvalidOption = &He9c
Const adErrPropInvalidValue = &He9d
Const adErrPropConflicting = &He9e
Const adErrPropNotAllSettable = &He9f
Const adErrPropNotSet = &Hea0
Const adErrPropNotSettable = &Hea1
Const adErrPropNotSupported = &Hea2
Const adErrCatalogNotSet = &Hea3
Const adErrCantChangeConnection = &Hea4
Const adErrFieldsUpdateFailed = &Hea5
Const adErrDenyNotSupported = &Hea6
Const adErrDenyTypeNotSupported = &Hea7
Const adErrProviderNotSpecified = &Hea9

'---- ParameterAttributesEnum Values ----
Const adParamSigned = &H0010
Const adParamNullable = &H0040
Const adParamLong = &H0080

'---- ParameterDirectionEnum Values ----
Const adParamUnknown = &H0000
Const adParamInput = &H0001
Const adParamOutput = &H0002
Const adParamInputOutput = &H0003
Const adParamReturnValue = &H0004

'---- CommandTypeEnum Values ----
Const adCmdUnknown = &H0008
Const adCmdText = &H0001
Const adCmdTable = &H0002
Const adCmdStoredProc = &H0004
Const adCmdFile = &H0100
Const adCmdTableDirect = &H0200

'---- EventStatusEnum Values ----
Const adStatusOK = &H0000001
Const adStatusErrorsOccurred = &H0000002
Const adStatusCantDeny = &H0000003
Const adStatusCancel = &H0000004
Const adStatusUnwantedEvent = &H0000005

'---- EventReasonEnum Values ----
Const adRsnAddNew = 1
Const adRsnDelete = 2
Const adRsnUpdate = 3
Const adRsnUndoUpdate = 4
Const adRsnUndoAddNew = 5
Const adRsnUndoDelete = 6
Const adRsnRequery = 7
Const adRsnResynch = 8
Const adRsnClose = 9
Const adRsnMove = 10
Const adRsnFirstChange = 11
Const adRsnMoveFirst = 12
Const adRsnMoveNext = 13
Const adRsnMovePrevious = 14
Const adRsnMoveLast = 15

'---- SchemaEnum Values ----
Const adSchemaProviderSpecific = -1
Const adSchemaAsserts = 0
Const adSchemaCatalogs = 1
Const adSchemaCharacterSets = 2
Const adSchemaCollations = 3
Const adSchemaColumns = 4
Const adSchemaCheckConstraints = 5
Const adSchemaConstraintColumnUsage = 6
Const adSchemaConstraintTableUsage = 7
Const adSchemaKeyColumnUsage = 8
Const adSchemaReferentialConstraints = 9
Const adSchemaTableConstraints = 10
Const adSchemaColumnsDomainUsage = 11
Const adSchemaIndexes = 12
Const adSchemaColumnPrivileges = 13
Const adSchemaTablePrivileges = 14
Const adSchemaUsagePrivileges = 15
Const adSchemaProcedures = 16
Const adSchemaSchemata = 17
Const adSchemaSQLLanguages = 18
Const adSchemaStatistics = 19
Const adSchemaTables = 20
Const adSchemaTranslations = 21
Const adSchemaProviderTypes = 22
Const adSchemaViews = 23
Const adSchemaViewColumnUsage = 24
Const adSchemaViewTableUsage = 25
Const adSchemaProcedureParameters = 26
Const adSchemaForeignKeys = 27
Const adSchemaPrimaryKeys = 28
Const adSchemaProcedureColumns = 29
Const adSchemaDBInfoKeywords = 30
Const adSchemaDBInfoLiterals = 31
Const adSchemaCubes = 32
Const adSchemaDimensions = 33
Const adSchemaHierarchies = 34
Const adSchemaLevels = 35
Const adSchemaMeasures = 36
Const adSchemaProperties = 37
Const adSchemaMembers = 38
Const adSchemaTrustees = 39
Const adSchemaFunctions = 40
Const adSchemaActions = 41
Const adSchemaCommands = 42
Const adSchemaSets = 43

'---- FieldStatusEnum Values ----
Const adFieldOK = 0
Const adFieldCantConvertValue = 2
Const adFieldIsNull = 3
Const adFieldTruncated = 4
Const adFieldSignMismatch = 5
Const adFieldDataOverflow = 6
Const adFieldCantCreate = 7
Const adFieldUnavailable = 8
Const adFieldPermissionDenied = 9
Const adFieldIntegrityViolation = 10
Const adFieldSchemaViolation = 11
Const adFieldBadStatus = 12
Const adFieldDefault = 13
Const adFieldIgnore = 15
Const adFieldDoesNotExist = 16
Const adFieldInvalidURL = 17
Const adFieldResourceLocked = 18
Const adFieldResourceExists = 19
Const adFieldCannotComplete = 20
Const adFieldVolumeNotFound = 21
Const adFieldOutOfSpace = 22
Const adFieldCannotDeleteSource = 23
Const adFieldReadOnly = 24
Const adFieldResourceOutOfScope = 25
Const adFieldAlreadyExists = 26
Const adFieldPendingInsert = &H10000
Const adFieldPendingDelete = &H20000
Const adFieldPendingChange = &H40000
Const adFieldPendingUnknown = &H80000
Const adFieldPendingUnknownDelete = &H100000

'---- SeekEnum Values ----
Const adSeekFirstEQ = &H1
Const adSeekLastEQ = &H2
Const adSeekAfterEQ = &H4
Const adSeekAfter = &H8
Const adSeekBeforeEQ = &H10
Const adSeekBefore = &H20

'---- ADCPROP_UPDATECRITERIA_ENUM Values ----
Const adCriteriaKey = 0
Const adCriteriaAllCols = 1
Const adCriteriaUpdCols = 2
Const adCriteriaTimeStamp = 3

'---- ADCPROP_ASYNCTHREADPRIORITY_ENUM Values ----
Const adPriorityLowest = 1
Const adPriorityBelowNormal = 2
Const adPriorityNormal = 3
Const adPriorityAboveNormal = 4
Const adPriorityHighest = 5

'---- ADCPROP_AUTORECALC_ENUM Values ----
Const adRecalcUpFront = 0
Const adRecalcAlways = 1

'---- ADCPROP_UPDATERESYNC_ENUM Values ----

'---- ADCPROP_UPDATERESYNC_ENUM Values ----

'---- MoveRecordOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adMoveUnspecified = -1
Const adMoveOverWrite = 1
Const adMoveDontUpdateLinks = 2
Const adMoveAllowEmulation = 4

'---- CopyRecordOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adCopyUnspecified = -1
Const adCopyOverWrite = 1
Const adCopyAllowEmulation = 4
Const adCopyNonRecursive = 2

'---- StreamTypeEnum Values ----
Const adTypeBinary = 1
Const adTypeText = 2

'---- LineSeparatorEnum Values ----
Const adLF = 10
Const adCR = 13
Const adCRLF = -1

'---- StreamOpenOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adOpenStreamUnspecified = -1
Const adOpenStreamAsync = 1
Const adOpenStreamFromRecord = 4

'---- StreamWriteEnum Values ----
Const adWriteChar = 0
Const adWriteLine = 1

'---- SaveOptionsEnum Values ----
Const adSaveCreateNotExist = 1
Const adSaveCreateOverWrite = 2

'---- FieldEnum Values ----
Const adDefaultStream = -1
Const adRecordURL = -2

'---- StreamReadEnum Values ----
Const adReadAll = -1
Const adReadLine = -2

'---- RecordTypeEnum Values ----
Const adSimpleRecord = 0
Const adCollectionRecord = 1
Const adStructDoc = 2
%>

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 	set rs=server.createobject("ADODB.RECORDSET")
	sql="select * from articlemast where articlename='" & txtval &"'"
	'response.Write(sql)
	'response.End()
	rs.open sql,con										
 
    %>
 
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	sql1="select * from thoughtmast"
	rs1.open sql1,con										
 
    %>
	

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            <p align="center" class="style1">THE ESSENCE OF VEDA</p>
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          <td width="51%" height="190" valign="top"><p align="justify">The word <EM>Veda</EM> is derived from the Aryan root &ldquo;<EM>vid</EM>&rdquo; which   means &ldquo;seeing&rdquo;, vision or ideas. Vedas were the first impression of the human   mind that is available to the world. The man has always curious to know how the   universe was formed. How the life started? Where does the sun go after sunset?   What causes rain, storm and weather? &nbsp;These inquisitives were not merely   exploratory for the sake of knowledge but also important for man as only by   knowing the cause of the reality, man can use this knowledge for their   advantage.</p>
          <p align="justify">One of the greatest characteristics of the intelligent mind of the man is to   see the correlation between different sets of events and data. He learned from   his experience and understood that if somehow, he can <EM>know the mind</EM> of   weather, sun, moon, rain etc, he can perhaps control them or at least protects   themselves from their fury. Thus the knowledge about the forces of nature was   necessary for the improvement of the life of man. Weather, rain, sunlight, water   plays the most important role for the cultivation of crops. Yet these entities   were beyond the comprehension of the ancient man. He could however, see that   there is no fixed pattern in such events which affected his life. For example,   the rain, storm or weather could not be predicted as easily as they do not   follow any predicted course of action. The same is true today even now despite   of the tremendous growth of science. Despite of the scientific advancement, even   the most sophisticate scientific instruments and supercomputers often fail to   predict the forces of nature.</p>
            <p align="justify">The unpredictability of such important events leads the man to believe that   perhaps these forces of natures are similar to human beings since he knew from   his experience that it is impossible to predict the human temperament and   behaviour. Thus, they concluded by analogy and reason that these forces of   nature must be super-powerful entities similar to human beings. Therefore, the   next logical conclusion was that if they are similar to human beings, they can   be pleased like a man pleases another man. This was the <EM>hypotheses that   lead</EM> to development of the knowledge in the Vedic period.</p>
            <H2 align="justify">The History of Veda</H2>
            <p align="justify">There are four Vedas: <EM>Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva   Veda</EM>. The Rig Veda was the first and the principle Veda and the Yajur and   Sama Veda are very similar to Rig Veda. &nbsp;However, the Atharva Veda was written   in the last to create a synthesis between the gods pf Aryans and the gods of the   local tribes.</p>
            <p align="justify">Each Veda consists of three parts known as <EM>Mantras</EM>, <EM>Brahmanas</EM> And <EM>Upanishads</EM>. The collection of&nbsp; mantras or hymns   is called <EM>Samhita</EM> (Collection). The <EM>Brahmanas</EM> include the   precepts and religious duties. The Upanishads are the concluding part of the <EM>Brahmanas</EM> which discusses the philosophical problems<A title="" href="#_edn1" name="_ednref1"> </A>.</p>
            <p align="justify">The Rig Veda principally consists of the hymns or prayers which are to be   sung to please their gods. The Sama-Veda consist of the hymns to be sung at the   time sacrifices while the <EM>Yajur</EM> Veda hymns are to sung for the   sacrifices made at the ceremonial occasions. The <EM>Atharva</EM> Veda is the   last of the Vedas which was written after the synthesis of the Aryans cultures   were made with the local tribes. This Veda consists of the prayers of the gods   of the local tribes.</p>
            <p align="justify">Vedas represents the evolution of human thoughts over more than a thousand   years. S Rathakrishnan estimate the period of Vedas (Vedic period) between 1500   BC to around 500 BC. Vedas have the simplicity and curiosity of a child and the   young mind whose thoughts are not yet complicated due to the worldly influence.   We can describe the salient features of Vedas as following</p>
            <H3 align="justify">(a)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Worship of Nature</H3>
            <p align="justify">The ancient man was quite amazed by the forces of nature like sun, weather,   rain, storm etc. These forces are unpredictable and used to have amazing power   at their command. Sun gave light and energy, the rain gave water for their   crops, and the air gave them oxygen needed for life. They, therefore, called   them <EM>deva</EM> (god) which means &ldquo;the giver&rdquo; as they gave the most important   things to the man. The Aryans worshipped them as god. Initially, <EM>deva</EM> also meant &ldquo;shining&rdquo; as it included the shining entities like sun, moon, fire,   thunderstorm etc. Gradually, the definition of <EM>deva</EM> was extended to   include all the forces of nature which give some useful thing to the man. Thus   the definition of <EM>deva</EM> extended to include, water, earth, air, rain.&nbsp;   Gradually for every <EM>thing</EM>, the man had <EM>separate</EM> god. The man   considered them like human beings in thoughts and form. Therefore like human   beings they used to be born from superior god. Thus eventually all the gods   become related to each other. They also thought like human beings, suffered from   the human weakness, communicated with each other like human beings, discussed   and debated the issues like man and they can be pleased the way we pleases   another human being.</p>
            <H2 align="justify">(b)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The hierarchy of Gods</H2>
            <p align="justify">As there were many gods, the natural question was; who was the greatest god   or the gods of the god?&nbsp; Who was the god, whose commands were obeyed by all   other gods. This inquisitiveness was again the refection of the human   civilization of the times, when, every society, every organization and even   every family should be lead by one leader. Since the gods were perceived as   human beings, they must also be following the similar system of hierarchy. After   all what was the difference between the god and men? In the Rig Vedic period,   there was little difference between men and gods. &ldquo;<EM>What are men? Mortal   gods. What are gods? Immortal men.&rdquo;</EM><A title="" href="#_edn2" name="_ednref2"> </A></p>
            <p align="justify">In the initial conceptualization of the universe, men found that all entities   of nature like sun, moon, wind etc exists between the earth and the sky.   Therefore, they first believed that &ldquo;<EM>Varuna</EM>&rdquo; (the god of the sky) as   the greatest god as other gods were <EM>below</EM> sky. The term <EM>Varuna</EM> is derived from the word &ldquo;<EM>var</EM>&rdquo; which means &ldquo;cover&rdquo; or &ldquo;compass&rdquo;. Thus   the sky was considered to be like a cover which covered all the creatures of the   heaven and earth. <EM>Varuna</EM> was believed to be watching the universe with   his eyes viz. sun and moon. The early men observed that the sun, moon and   starts, follow their predefined path as they appears again and again at regular   intervals. Hence the concept of &ldquo;<EM>Riti</EM>&rdquo; or &ldquo;The Law of Nature&rdquo; was   conceived. It was believed that every entity of the universe follows a law.   Subsequently the law of the stars was extended to include the moral laws which   must be followed by men. Gradually <EM>Varuna</EM> was believed to be the god   who was the <EM>upkeeper of the moral values</EM>. He punishes man for his   immoral actions while rewards the man for the moral actions. All other gods obey <EM>His</EM> order. He was also believed to be a merciful person who can forgive   the sins of the men if men prey to him. The concept of prayer was similar to the   prayer or request made to the father, king or the leader of the society. Thus   almost all the hymns dedicated to Varuna consist of the prayers where the man   admits his guilt, repents for his wrong action and preyed for the forgiveness of   his sin. Overall, <EM>Varuna</EM> was a god who was perceived as a benevolent   king. He implemented the &ldquo;Rule of Law&rdquo; in the universe and interfered in the   affairs of the man rarely. He forgave when the person accepted his guilt and   preyed for his forgiveness.</p>
            <p align="justify">The other important gods of the Rig Vedic period were Sun, Vishnu, Ashvin   (twins who represented dawn and dusk), Aditi (nature) and Agni (fire). However,   in his period Vishnu (who subsequently became the Supreme God) was not the   supreme god. <EM>Agni</EM> was gradually perceived as a god whose food was wood   and ghee (butter).He shines like a sun and removes the darkness. Since the   flames and smokes moved toward the sky (which was believed to be the place of   heaven), gradually fire was perceived as the mediator between the heaven and the   earth. Thus Agni was used for all sacrifices and offering to God since he could   send those offering to gods in heaven. </p>
            <p align="justify"><EM>Soma</EM> (alcohol) was considered to be the god of inspiration since it   lifted the mood of the man and provided temporary happiness to them under the   effect of alcohol. Alcohol suppresses the inhibition and provides temporary   ecstasy and (false) power to the people. Hence, soma was perceived to be   god-like as they believed that only god could give extraordinary powers to   men.</p>
            <p align="justify">In the agrarian economy, nothing could be more important to the farmers than   weather, rain, storm, thunder which affected their crop. <EM>Indra,</EM> who was   the god of whether, gradually acquired the top position amongst the gods. &nbsp;He   was gradually perceived to be the ruler of sky, earth, water and mountains. He   was depicted as the warrior who defeated all lesser gods to become the king of   the gods. In the mythologies, Indra has to fight the other gods to rule over   them. This shows that the materialism in men was gradually on rise. The only   method of prosperity and power could come by best of the weather conditions that   could yield good crops to the people. However, unlike sky which is somber and   unmoving, weather is temperamental. The desired quantity of rain can give good   crop but the excess of it can cause floods. Hence, the weather god has to be   preyed to deliver only the requisite amount of his blessing and avoid curse.   Indra was, thus, perceived like a feudalistic king who was law in itself. He   could bestow privileges if he is pleased, but punish the man if he is   displeased.&nbsp; Therefore, He was revered not with love but with fear as the man   prey to the powerful king.</p>
            <p align="justify">There were other minor gods like Vata or Vayu ((wind god), Maruti (storm   god), Rudra (the militant god) ,Vak (the goddess of speech), Saraswati (the   goddess of learing), Shakti (goddess of power).</p>
            <H2 align="justify">(c)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; The Growth of Monotheism</H2>
            <p align="justify">As the Vedic period progressed, the earth became crowded with numerous gods.   It is believed that the total number of gods became 330 millions. Thus there   were different gods for each person However as the civilization grew in the   Vedic period, the confrontation between the gods increased. Every one wanted to   prove that his god is superior (Is it any different today?). Thus the need of   creating a synergy and harmony between all the gods grew in the minds of Indian   philosophers and the right thinking men. They also started realizing that it was   difficult to establish the superiority of one god as we need the support of all   the gods for our survival. Once it was established in the mind of the Aryans   that no god can become supreme, then the need to find a single god who can be   called the god of gods became important.&nbsp; There can be only one Supreme (god).   Here the synthetic nature of Indian mind was at work. They wanted to create a   harmony amongst the gods so as to create harmony amongst the people who were   fighting in the name of god.&nbsp; Gradually the different gods were seen as   manifestation of a single God who was Supreme. </p>
            <p align="justify">The top position of God was gradually assigned to <EM>Vishwakarma</EM> who   was perceived as all seeing gods who has on every side,&nbsp; eyes, faces, arms,   feet, who produced heaven and earth though the&nbsp; exercise of his arms and wings.   He knows all the worlds but he is beyond the comprehension of the mortals. In   some places of Veda, the top position was assigned to <EM>Brahaspati</EM> (the   Guru of Gods) or <EM>Prajapati</EM> (the lord of creature). However, the concept   of a single Supreme God was not fully established in the period of Vedas and   people continued to worship their individual god and accorded the supreme   position to their god only.</p>
            <H2 align="justify">(d)&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Monism or the Concept of Absolute</H2>
            <p align="justify">The Vedic period was the age of experimentation and learning. It had the   purity of the mind of a child. The Vedic minds were experimentative and curious.   For them, there was no precedents, no dogma, no principle which could have   restricted their imagination and thoughts. Initially they conceptualized the   forces of nature as gods whose nature were similar to human beings. Yet these   hypotheses in the period of thousand years led to the inventions of millions of   gods, one for every man. Then they tried to make one of them or a third god as   the supreme god just like men make one of them as king or leader. The people   were confused as to who is the real god? Whom should everyone worship? Yet no   consensus was emerging. The thinking minds were not satisfied with the   description of specialized gods. Gradually the concensus were emerging for a   single God who made the whole universe. The quest for discovering a single law   or single force governing the universe was becoming stronger.</p>
            <p align="justify">Gradually the concept of <EM>monism</EM> started taking root in India, which   intended to provide synergy between matter and mind, living and nonliving, men   and god, creator and creation and all entities of nature. The man does not want   to just observe the facts but also wanted to understand it.&nbsp; The realm of   knowledge was moving from &ldquo;What?&rdquo; to &ldquo;Why?&rdquo; or from the senses to intellect.&nbsp; No   past theory was found to be good enough to satisfy the inquisitiveness of the   thinking minds of the Vedic era. Thus the prayers were increasingly addressed to   the unknown god.&nbsp; Skepticism was in the air. The mind of the man was also not   willing to accept that god was anthropomorphic (human like). Was He male or   female?</p>
            <p align="justify">Gradually men started applying neutral term &ldquo;<EM>Sat</EM>&rdquo; (True) to show   that God is above sexes.&nbsp; They were increasingly getting convinced that there is   something real of which Agni (Fire god), Indra (Weather god), Varuna (Sky god)   were the manifestation. &nbsp;That something was not many but only one, impersonal,   ruling over all that is unmoving and that moves, that walks or flies; that is   differently born<A title="" href="#_edn3" name="_ednref3"> </A>. <EM>&ldquo;The real is   one, the learned call it by various names, Agni, Yama and Materisvan.<A title="" href="#_edn4" name="_ednref4"> </A>&rdquo;</EM></p>
            <p align="justify">This Supreme one was conceived to be the soul of the universe called   &ldquo;<EM>Parmatma</EM>&rdquo; which was believed to be the only Absolute God.&nbsp; However,   the Absolute was beyond the perception of human mind. We can&rsquo;t perceive Him   since He is so big, so powerful, so knowledgeable while the man have limited   capacity to reason and understand. Thus the Absolute was perceived to be   formless, impersonal, pure and passionate being who was the epitome of virtues   and every thing which can be good.</p>
            <p align="justify">However, Monism created paradoxical situations. If God is formless, whom   should we worship, how should we worship. The man is used to understand only the   forms which his senses can perceive. This formless god whose nature we don&rsquo;t   know, how can we ever know what he likes and what he dislikes? What he loves and   what he not? Another difficulty was to express the formless god to the common   people who are religious and faithful yet not very intelligent and logical. Thus   the concept of Absolute god can&rsquo;t be popular as He is too difficult to be   understood. Only very evolved minds can understand the mystery of Absolute   God.</p>
            <p align="justify">The man needs a <EM>form</EM> to worship. Yet when God is given a form it   becomes less than the Absolute God, thus become imperfect. However, if we make   God formless, we can&rsquo;t worship Him. Thus to resolve the contradiction of the   Absolute and God it was logically believed that if God is present in every   living and nonliving being, then worship of any form with devotion was   considered as good as worshipping the real Absolute god. This perhaps gave rise   to the cult of <EM>Bhakti</EM> or devotion and started the era of idol worship   in the subsequent period.</p>
            <H2 align="justify">Creation of Universe</H2>
            <p align="justify">The Vedic people have deep thoughts to understand the origin of the world and   the universe. Initially the major gods like Indra, Varuna or Vishwakarma were   believed to the creator of the universe. Since the gods were like human, so the   universe was also believed to be created like a man builds a house from the   bricks and mortars. Yet how the bricks and mortars were created becomes a   mystery. Therefore, it was gradually accepted that all the matter is created by   &ldquo;desire&rdquo; or &ldquo;<EM>kama</EM>&rdquo;. It was believed that the matter and all entities of   the universe was created by the desire of the God. It was quite similar to the   world we all create in our dream or imagination which is illusionary as the   world of dream or imagination is over as soon as we are awake or our imagination   is interrupted.</p>
            <p align="justify">Since the world was believed to be crated by the desire or imagination of   God, hence it can&rsquo;t be real as it seems. It was thus given the name of   &ldquo;<EM>Maya</EM>&rdquo; which is loosely translated as illusion. However the Maya is not   an illusion but it may be conceived as veil or a smokescreen which covers the   real self of the different entities or things from the common eye. The moment we   understand the mystery of <EM>Maya</EM> we can see that all objects of the   universe are not separate but part of the same Absolute or God. Maya was also   sometimes referred as &ldquo;<EM>Prakriti</EM>&rdquo; or Nature and the cause of creation   was referred as &ldquo;<EM>Purusha</EM>&rdquo; which means the soul of the matter of the   universe.</p>
            <H2 align="justify">The Vedic Religion</H2>
            <p align="justify">In the Vedic period, no organized religion was established. There were no   temples, no idols, no priests and no religious texts. The relationship between   the man and god was mainly utilitarian. There were gods for every need. Hence   the people directly worshipped the god by offering prayers, mantras or hymns.   Many of these hymns are still very popular amongst the Hindus. The Gods were   like Kings in charge of a particular department of the universe. Hence you must   please all gods by offering them prayers, offering and sacrifices. These   Humanized gods have all the weakness of human beings. They could be pleased with   prayers and get angry if they were not praised. They ate the tastiest food,   drank soma and ghee. &nbsp;&nbsp;Man had direct communication with god without any need   for priests or temples. These gods were not only <EM>godly</EM> but also <EM>cruel</EM> if you make Him angry. So it was always safer to be on the right   side of the god.</p>
            <p align="justify">In the initial phase of Vedic era, prayer was sufficed to please the god. Yet   in the later period gods became more demanding (like man) and needed sacrifices   and offering for pleasure. God and man were related to each other like &ldquo;Father   Heaven&rdquo;, &ldquo;Mother Earth&rdquo; or brother Agni. They were like benevolent kings and   queens who need to be worshipped for happy and prosperous life of the   subjects.</p>
            <p align="justify">The Relevance of Veda Today</p>
            <p align="justify">The Vedic era gradually gave birth to the philosophical age of Upanishads,   where attempts were made to shift from the nature worship and the get rid of the   concept of multiple Gods. Yet the synthetic culture of India never gave up any   concept which is ever born here. Hence over a period the new Gods came into   being but the old gods continued to occupy their coveted place. Even today, most   of the hymns (mantras) and rituals find heir origin in the Vedic period. The   Nature Gods are still worshipped by most Hindus. Almost every temple have the   deities of nature gods like Sun, Moon, Prajapati, Indra. Thus Veda gave the   foundation on which the future Hinduism evolved and the future philosophies of   Upanishads and Gita were formed.</p>
            <DIV>
              <DIV id="edn1">
                <p align="justify"><A title="" href="#_ednref1" name="_edn1"></A>Indian Philosophy, S.   Radhkrishnan (Volume I), Oxford University Press, New Delhi (1999), pp   65.</p>
              </DIV>
              <DIV id="edn2">
                <p align="justify"><A title="" href="#_ednref2" name="_edn2"></A>Indian Philosophy, S.   Radhkrishnan (Volume I), Oxford University Press, New Delhi (1999 ) Pp   85</p>
              </DIV>
              <DIV id="edn3">
                <p align="justify"><A title="" href="#_ednref3" name="_edn3"></A>&nbsp; Indian Philosophy, S.   Radhkrishnan (Volume I), Oxford University Press, New Delhi (1999)Pp   94</p>
              </DIV>
              <DIV id="edn4">
                <p align="justify"><A title="" href="#_ednref4" name="_edn4"></A>Ekad Sadvipra bahudha   vadanti<BR>
                  Abnim yamam matarisvanam ahuh (i. 164. 46)</p>
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